There are thousands of ways to earn money online. One of them is blogging and today I’m going to give you 5 relevant answers to the question, “How to Earn Money Online with a Blog?”
This is probably one of the most famous ways. When you have enough visitors on your blog you can earn money with Google ads.
Google Adsense is very easy to activate.
When someone clicks Google’s ads on your website, you will earn the little money.You can also contact the companies directly and ask how much they are willing to pay you if you show their ads
Google Adsense is one way to earn money with a blog but not it’s not my favorite. You can contact the companies directly and ask how much they are willing to pay you if you show their ads on your website.
In affiliate marketing, you place companies’ links or ads to your website. But you don’t get the commission when someone clicks the ad.
You get the commission when someone buys the product.
You can, for example, put the link to Amazon. Then someone clicks the link and goes to Amazon’s website. Then he/she buys the product and you get the commission of the product.
There are many good sides in affiliate marketing. For example, when you take someone to Amazon you can earn commission despite what product the visitor buys. Even if your product is a book but the visitor ends up buying clothes, you will get the commission of those clothes.
Many programs teach on the Internet to earn money through affiliate marketing. In my opinion, Wealthy Affiliate provides the best training and the community to learn to become a successful affiliate marketer.
One of the most profitable ways to earn money with a blog is to sell your own products.
Your products can be T-shirts, ebooks, online courses or anything you can imagine.
The good side when you are selling your own products is that you will get 100% of the money while in affiliate marketing or selling ads you only get some commission.
Still, the truth is that selling your own products usually requires more work than selling products from Amazon.
Amazon has already built the trust with the people. But when you are selling your own products you first need to gain trust in the eyes of your customers.
Creating your own products can still definitely be worth it as you are persistent with the marketing.
As your blog becomes more and more popular you can find sponsors.
Companies related to your niche become interested in marketing their products and services in your blog.
Or for example, if you have a travel blog, the travel agency may give you a free trip if you write a review of their service and leave ads to your blog.
In order to gain this kind of sponsorship, you need to convince the company that your blog has enough traffic and it would be profitable for them to sponsor your blog.
Many times private sponsors don’t just appear but you need to be active yourself in order to them.
Many people don’t think this possibility at first.
But as you write a blog and gain the expertise in your niche you can have new and interesting opportunities.
You can use your blog as a merit and market yourself to become a speaker at the conferences and different kind of events of your niche.
I know that many bloggers will never become public speakers but I wanted to share this possibility to open eyes to see how many possibilities there really are as a blogger.
Having a great blog can also help you to get a work place because the boss can see your great efforts that you have made in your blog. But I bet that you don’t need to work for anyone else if as you become the more successful blogger. 😉
These were the 5 ideas on the question, “How to Earn Money Online with a Blog?”
1.Google Ads
2.Affiliate Marketing
3.Sell Your Own Products
4.Private Sponsorship
5.Speaking Fees and Personal Appearances
Remember that when you are writing a blog, success doesn’t come overnight. It neither comes automatically.
Sow, sow and sow. Sow little seeds of success in your blog and over the time course you can reap the harvest.
Usually, you will also need to have training on how to market your blog and how to earn money with your blog faster.
In my opinion, the best way to start earning money with a blog is Wealthy Affiliate. They provide a thorough training and the community of enthusiastic people who encourage you to push forward.
People make tons of money online. Have you ever wondered, “How do people make money with affiliate marketing?” Keep on reading and you will find out something surprising!
Today we live the year 2016. Who knows what will happen in 2021 or who knows how your life would be if you have chosen differently 2011.
I can hear you asking, “What do you mean by choosing differently??
Let me explain. If you are working in a job where you get active income instead of passive income you will be paid for every hour you work. Right?
What if you would have started a work in 2011 that would generate your income even today? Even if you would be sleeping or in Zaku Zaku Island in the middle of nowhere. 😉
Here -> $1,400 commission on 1 WA sale! an online businessman Alex Sol explains how he made $1,400 with one single sale. And he wasn’t even selling his own product but promoting the other person’s product.
Let’s imagine if you would have started affiliate marketing in Wealthy Affiliate in 2011. Then someone bought the yearly premium membership. You got a $175 commission.
Then he learned to do online business (thanks to Wealthy Affiliate) and he continued to the community. After 5 years he has paid 5 x $175 = $875 in your pocket. And you only made one referral.
One link in your social media, one email, one link in your website or one link in the forum or anywhere. ONE LINK! One referral. 875$! That’s powerful! And totally realistic.
Let’s imagine if there would have been 5 people in 2011 who got interested in the online business by your referral. All 5 became successful and continued in WA for 5 years with the yearly membership. How much commission that would have meant for you?
5 x 5 x $175 = $4,375!
Think about it. Only 5 persons.
In affiliate marketing, you are earning commissions from the sold products. The commissions can be 4% or 80%. The product you sell can be $5 or $5,000.
The great way to earn income as an affiliate is selling expensive products with the good commission. Most of the time it’s quite hard to find such products. But finding expensive products with the lower commissions is easier.
Let’s imagine that you have a website that promotes fitness products. You can link for example treadmills, gym machines, and other equipment.
For example the price of the treadmill $1,299.00. Let’s say 5% commission for you (can be 10% also if you are doing well on Amazon). You make $65 for every sale.
$999,99 gym machine with 10% commission means $100 for every sale.
A comprehensive set of high-quality dumbbells $5,322 with 10% commission means $532 for every sale!!
People buy also expensive products online. Would it be fun to get your own share of the market?
1.The company sells a product
2.You promote their product (=Leave a link of their website somewhere.)
3.Someone buys the product
4.You earn the commission.
The process explained more in detail in my other article here -> What is Affiliate Marketing Online? – Explained Simply.
There are hundreds (or thousands) of affiliate programs on the Internet with the recurring passive income possibility.
Don’t be sad if you didn’t start affiliate marketing in 2011. You can still start it today and think about how happy you will be for your decision in 2021.
If you don’t start today you will never know what you missed by walking pass the opportunity.
Wealthy Affiliate is an online community and training that teaches everything you need to learn to become a successful affiliate marketer. But don’t be fooled, you need to do your own part also!
Read more what is Wealthy Affiliate here
OR Start Affiliate Marketing Right Away in Wealthy Affiliate FOR FREE.
If you have any questions, comments or own experiences about affiliate marketing feel free to share them below.
Business is simple. Someone has a need and you will fill that need. Someone wants to buy something that you sell it. Today we are going to compare Online Business vs. Offline Business!
If we go back in time 30 years (or 20 years), there wasn’t such an opportunity like the online business. The business happened mainly in the physical world.
But the Internet has brought a lot of new possibilities.
What are the similarities and the differences between Online Business vs. Offline Business? Which one would be a better choice for you?
Let’s find out together!
Some people think that online business is something like, ”Click, click, click, push enter and $10,000 will come to your bank account every month.”
The reality is that such “formula” just doesn’t work. Probably some people have such kind of image about online business because there are so many scams out there (Check 5 Incredible Tips to Avoid Online Scams).
In online and offline business you will need to work, work and work. There is no shortcut to success. You will need to get customers and (if you don’t luckily already have 10 million followers in social media) it will take some time to attract the customers. Then it’s really possible to make $10,000/month as these 5 guys.
You will need to do marketing and you need to have a good product to sell. One option also has to have a business by selling other people’s products.
In business, it’s always vital to think how to improve your service regardless your business happens in the offline and online world. At some point, you just need to start and take a leap of faith.
Offline business happens in a physical world and online business happens on the internet. It means that both of them have certain advantages and disadvantages. The Internet makes a lot of things easier than in the physical world.
Still for example Massage, manicure or pedicure will hardly happen in the online world. But it doesn’t mean the internet would be useless in that kind of businesses. The proper use of the online world can dramatically boost any those offline businesses.
Or let’s imagine that you own the kindergarten. You can’t move it magically from the United States to Canada in one day. If you have the responsibilities there and you need to work in the kindergarten you can’t take a one-month trip to Asia.
On the other hand, if you have an online business promoting or selling children’s clothes you can do it in the United States, Canada, Asia, Africa or literally anywhere where you can find the Internet connection.
In the other words
Online business makes constant traveling anywhere you want possible.
But of course, it depends on a little bit what kind of online business you are doing. If you need a warehouse for your products it’s hard to take a whole warehouse with if you are traveling around.
But for example, affiliate marketing can be done without any kind of warehouse. Everything you need is the laptop and the Internet connection.
Do you know how many times people fail on average before they quit? The average is less than one. Because most of the people don’t even start.
Probably those people are afraid of the risks. When we are talking about the business there is always some kind of risks.
But most of the time the financial risks are way smaller in the online world.
Most of the online businesses can be started with about $100 of money (or you can start for free in Wealthy Affiliate) but many times in the physical world you need to rent an office and buy a lot of stuff before the business hasn’t even started.
In the online business, you can start for free. Get a free domain and start affiliate marketing. The only risk is the loss of time. But the loss of time sounds very much smaller risk than using $3,000/month for the rent and the employee in your beauty salon.
There are advantages in both, online and offline business. But being online releases usually much higher potential with the lower risk.
Listen what the richest man in the world said,
”If your business is not on the Internet, then your business will be out of business.” –Bill gates
Even if you would have an offline business, basic online skills can highly boost your profit.
I prefer the online business because of its flexibility, low risks, and huge potential.
Are you interested in creating an online business? My #1 recommendation to start is Wealthy Affiliate which is an online training center and community that teaches you hand by hand how to start and run an online business. I will also provide my 1-on-1 mentoring in Wealthy Affiliate for free.
==> Start your online business today!
If you have any questions or comments related to Online business vs Offline business, please leave them below.
There are thousands of scams online. We can easily say that people have lost millions of euros in the pocket of online cheaters who are earning money illegally or with unethical ways.
I have written this article to help you avoid online scams and save your money from the cheaters. You should only use your money for the reliable online programs. I also made a video where I walk you through these 5 tips to avoid scams online and I give you some very practical tips. I believe you will enjoy it.
The old saying goes, “If it’s too good to be true, it probably is”. There are online programs with the false testimonies like, “I earned 10,000$ within the first week.”
That kind of promises may sound appealing but as far as I know that kind of promise is never true. Everything worthwhile in life requires efforts and it’s exactly the same with the online business.
Would you imagine to earn $10,000 within the first week in the normal business where you don’t invest a single dollar (or $10 maximum)? Don’t imagine to make $10,000/month right after starting in the online world. That’s not the reality.
I know that you can make $10,000/month, $20,000 or even $100,000/month online because many other people are doing it honestly. But the point is that all of those guys have made lots of work to achieve their online success.
There are a lot of reviews about the reliable online programs. If the program is legit and you can benefit from it, the chances are that someone else has used the program before and wrote the review about it.
I write reviews here in YourOnlineRevenue to tell you about the legit products and warn you about the scams. I write my reviews as honestly as I can, so you can trust in my words about the programs.
I have one experience when I didn’t use this principle. I went to one website that promised me a lot of Twitter followers for free fast.
The page looked like the scam and I thought that probably I need first to search more about this website in Google.
I was so excited about the possibility to get more followers that I didn’t read the reviews. The result: The website sent 2 spam messages to all of my Twitter followers.
The good thing was that I didn’t use any money there and I learned the lesson that it’s always important to investigate first if something seems a bit suspicious.
Many times I have been about to try the interesting product but then I have realized read some honest reviews before and decided not to waste my time.
Just make a quick search in Google, “Is PRODUCT_NAME a scam?” or “PRODUCT_NAME review”.
NOTE: Some people are writing positive reviews about the scam products because they may earn the commission if you join. Be careful and read for example 3 reviews before joining or find the reliable source where you can find the product.
Everything depends on the leader/founder. Is the founder reliable? Does he shows his face and identity or is he unknown like the mystical Q in “TooDamnEasy” program.
Can you find information about the founders on the internet? What other people say about them?
Do they have a long experience? Do they use their own principles in order to succeed?
In Wealthy Affiliate, you can find persons who have a very long experience in the online business. Some of them have been doing online business even 15 years.
You can contact them personally in WA and in my experience they have always answered the questions.
Their eyes are experienced to see which one is a scam and which one is a legit program.
You can also always ask us in YourOnlineRevenue.com and we promise to give find you the honest answer. Just leave the comment below and most of the time we will come up with the answer within 24 hours.
Usually, you can find the free material from the program. In Wealthy Affiliate, you will get 10 free lessons, 2 free websites and other features for free. You can try if the program is really legit or not.
All of the programs don’t provide free material but you can find it from the other websites.
For example, Chris Farrell Membership (a legit program) has free teachings in Youtube. You can see if the program is really providing value.
Niche Blitzkrieg is also a legit program but there is not a free trial. Still there is a full money-back guarantee and you can find a lot of reviews on the Internet.
My #1 recommendation Wealthy Affiliate provides 20 free videos lessons for free. After studying their free material you can well decide if you want to continue to their premium program or not.
I have been in the online business for a good while. One natural thing I have noticed is that the more I review”Make money online” -products, the faster I spot scams.
Many scams just follow same patterns and they give you the same story in a little bit different covers.
Let’s take for example three programs Phoenix Power Rising, Pure Leverage System and My Lead System Pro. All of them are based on the following idea:
1.You join to their program
2.You invite other people to join
3.You make money when your referrals buy something.
All of them have very high membership fee which will motivate you to refer other people so you could earn back the money you have lost to the program.
When you gain experience on your online business your eyes will spot scam products much faster than before. In addition, you will see what it really takes to make lots of money online.
Using these 5 ways to avoid scams online
1 Avoid Too Big Promises
2 Read the Reviews
3 Investigate the founders
4 Ask Reliable Online Entrepreneurs
5 Investigate the Free Material First
You will never fall into the scams.
If you can’t find any information about the program from the Internet, no one of the online entrepreneurs know about it, the program doesn’t offer any free material I would say that the programs are a scam. DON’T WASTE YOUR MONEY IN SCAMS.
Tired of scams? Try #1 online business program today!
What are the signs you think the program is a scam? Have you used the money on the scam program? Leave a comment below.
Think about big companies, for example, Amazon, Target or Walmart. They sell millions of products every day. Would you like to have your own part of the winnings made in their sales? That’s possible through affiliate marketing.
Have you heard that term “affiliate marketing”?
Today I’m going to explain to you what is affiliate marketing means and how you can earn money doing that.
Amazon, Target, Walmart and many other (also very small) companies have “affiliate programs”. That means that anyone can sell their products.
You put the link to your website, social network, email list or anywhere else. When someone clicks the link and ends up buying some of their products you will get the commission of the sold products.
The commission varies a lot in different affiliate programs. For example, the commission in Amazon’s products is 4-10% while other companies may give even 80% commission. And everything in between. (Here is a great and illustrative lesson by the successful affiliate marketer how affiliate marketing works in practice)
You don’t need former experience or skills. You don’t need own products. But you need to be willing to learn.
The process of affiliate marketing is simple. Company A sells products. You (affiliate) leave the link somewhere on the Internet. Person A buys the product. The company gets money and you get money. Simple?
The great thing is that many times you can get the commission from the products that you are not even linking!
If you have the link for example to Amazon kindle books. Someone clicks the link but end up buying men’s boxers, you will get the commission. If someone buys the $500 TV, you will get the commission.
There are no income limits in affiliate marketing. Do you know Pat Flynn? He is the guy who makes over $100,000/month online and a big amount of his success comes from affiliate marketing.
Affiliate marketing can be a great way to earn for anyone. Here are some examples
In my opinion, affiliate marketing is just a great resource but many people are not even aware of that. I didn’t know this opportunity before but I’m glad that I have found it.
Amazon, Target and Walmart are by no means the only affiliate programs. There are affiliate programs for any niche that you can imagine. Just write to Google “some niche + affiliate program” and you will find an affiliate program in any niche.
Wealthy Affiliate also helps you to find relevant affiliate programs that you may want to be part of.
Even the smallest niches have affiliate programs and you will be astonished how many they are.
Remember, affiliate marketing is not a MLM-program or anything related!
Do you want to learn more how affiliate marketing works? Wealthy Affiliate is the training center and community that teaches everything you need to be a successful affiliate marketer.
Some are making $10,000/month through affiliate marketing and they have learned their skills in Wealthy Affiliate.
I don’t say that success comes overnight. But it comes to those who work for it and are persistent.
==> Claim your 10 FREE lessons on affiliate marketing today and start making extra income
Do you have any experience of affiliate marketing? Share your experience and leave a comment below?
If you have any question or comment don’t hesitate to leave it below!
Have you seen that iceberg already in my Wealthy Affiliate review?
In my opinion, it illustrates greatly the price for success. How do you understand success?
One great definition of success is “The correct or desired result of an attempt.” In other words, you do something and when you get the desired result, you have succeeded.
What does success mean in online business? For many people, it means extra income, full-time income or financial independence. What is a success for you in online business? $200/month, $1,000/month or $10,000/month?
Let’s say that you want to earn the full-time income online, working from home. In order to achieve that, you need to work a certain amount of time. You need to learn the skills to provide value for people. Then you need to reach the people for example in your website, social network or on the email list.
First of all, this requires time. You can’t expect to learn everything in one day. But you can expect to learn it in one year.
But the interesting thing is that when people start the online business and confronts the first failure (see the iceberg), many people quit. Some people succeed for the first try but most of the successful people have failed many times before making the real breakthrough.
Thomas Edison failed 10 000 times before inventing the light bulb. How many times you are willing to fail?
Before I thought that failure is the opposite of success. Now I know that failure is the part of success.
We disappoint usually when our expectations don’t come true in the real world. That may happen in our life. We don’t know what the future brings.
But remember the Good news! There are also a lot of situations when you get more than you have expected. Like this guy who started earning over $10,000/month after working online for a bit over one year.
Don’t let your expectations define your success.
Sometimes you will get more than you expected, sometimes less.
Focus on giving your best and you will get what you earn. If you get fewer rewards than you expected think how you could work better next time and get rewarded bigger.
Success online isn’t different than success offline. There are no shortcuts. (Although some scammers so claim falsely!)
You will need to work. You will need to learn. You will need to be persistent.
But think about the consequences. Work for a “normal job” for 3 years. You start by earning $2,500/month. And after 3 years you are still earning $2,500/month or if things go well $2,600/month. Would it be better to work online for 3 years and start earning $10,000/month?
I’m not saying that you will automatically earn $10,000/month after working 3 years online. It depends on highly how much you are willing to work and pay the price. As I said before you will get more or less as you have expected. But don’t let your expectations define your success.
Having an online business requires also some discipline as any other important thing. You may just want to scroll Facebook news feed but that doesn’t build your business. You need to focus on the most important things. Good concentration will give you better results in less time. (Remember Pareto 80/20 Principle)
Good Concentration -> Good Results. Bad Concentration -> Bad Results.
Those who pay the price will get the prize. Nothing worthwhile in life comes without work and the price. You know it’s easy to get a fast pleasure eating fast food, drink beer, horse around with your friends or and doing things like that.
If you want to be fit, earn $10,000/month or achieve something worthwhile, honestly, sometimes you need to delay the gratification.
But think about the prize. Is it worth it? Where do you want to be after 3 years? If having an own online business and earning passive income would be great results start your own online business in Wealthy Affiliate for free today!
When we talk about earning money online I’ve seen that many people have a lot of prejudices related to that theme.
I believed also some myths before when I wasn’t aware of the truth about making money online.
Today I’m going to tell the truth about 5 myths that I have heard about earning money online.
(I just want to mention that making money online can mean hundreds of different things: Freelancing, online marketing, teaching, making videos, investing, preaching, helping, counseling, selling and the list go on and on.)
1.Earning money online is only for cheaters. This myth is quite a common because unfortunately there are so many scams online.
It’s true that some of the “online gurus” are cheaters but that’s probably less than 1% of the online workers/entrepreneurs. In other words, most of the people who work online are not cheaters.
Working online can be totally as valuable as working offline (in the “real world”). And sometimes it can be many times more valuable than working offline. In Wealthy Affiliate, I have got to know many guys who make money online 100% legally and they provide important value for the people.
2.Earning money online is not “real work”. Some people may think that working online is equal to laying on the couch or in the beach. Yes, it can be like that because you are your own boss.
But if you want to success online you need to work. Earning online is like any other business. Success requires “real work”.
The goal for many people online is that they have enough passive income they can live with it. It’s totally okay and there’s nothing wrong with it. Some people have a better salary than others but if you want to have a good salary you need to provide good value for the people.
Let’s make a little comparison. Person A is a teacher at the local university and teaches to about 200 people every day. Sometimes less. He is a mediocre teacher but he was hired to the university already 20 years ago.
Person B works online and teaches 10 000 people every single day through his online videos. He is one of the best in his field. People like his teachings and he helps people to get their life better.
Is Person A doing “real work” and Person B not? Let me laugh! 🙂
3.People try to earn money online only because they want to get rich. That’s actually partially true. I guess that money is probably a motivator for many online entrepreneurs.
The Internet provides unbelievable opportunities. There are about 3,3 billion internet users today (and the amount is growing). If you want to help a lot of people, what’s the best channel to do that? Internet.
The Internet is the big part of today’s world and working online provides limitless opportunities to make this world better and make big things.
I would say that money is not the main motivator for online entrepreneurs.
4.Earning money online is “Easy Money”. Making money online can be easy. But first, you need to study and hard work to get that “easy money”.
Earning money in general (online and offline) requires two things
1.Education
2.Provide value for other people
Education can be formal or informal. You can get your education from the university, the internet, from the books or from friends. Still, you need to learn the skills first and then you can —> Provide value.
Providing value means helping other people, helping your boss, teaching, counseling, building or million of other things.
The funniest part, of course, comes when you start earning money online even when you are sleeping, eating or spending time with your family. (Check the post from Colton, 20 years old online entrepreneur My First $10,000 Month!)
5.Few people have proper talent to earn money online. Are we living in the Stone Age? Today you have the best teachers ever teaching you how to earn money online. You don’t need any former skills.
Most of the Online Entrepreneurs started without any background of online work. They just started to learn and now they earn. Sometimes people just tend to forget that it requires hard work to earn online. But it pays off.
I know many people who have started but have quit their online business. They weren’t persistent enough. But this guy called Dom was persistent and went from $0 to $10k In 3 Years. Click the link to read his post.
If you are willing to learn online that’s totally possible without former background (like you saw in the posts of Colton and Dom in the links above).
I recommend your journey to earn money online from Wealthy Affiliate. It’s 100% legit and honest place which provides you training, tools, support, free websites and literally everything you need to earn money online.
There are actually more myths about making money online. Here I mentioned five of them. But here is the great text from Steve who turned his ‘hobby’ into a $6,000+ per month money making machine. Five Things They Don’t Teach You About Working from Home. He knows what he is talking about.
Have you heard some myths about making money online? Did you believe some of them before?
Have you read the book “The 80/20 Principle: The Secret to Achieving More with Less” by Richard Koch? In the book Koch explains the 80/20 (Pareto) principle which means that 20% of our time accounts for 80% of the work we accomplish. In other words 20% of our work provide more results than the rest 80%.
The principles applies to other things also. Did you know, for example, that 20% of customers account for 80% of revenues?
Understanding this principle can powerfully benefit your online business.
If you want to make money online (and at the same time provide important value for other people) there are certain steps you need to take.
Some of the important steps are:
Probably there are also other things to do but these are usually very important, especially selling. If you want to earn money, you need to sell something. Someone has to be interested in your product or services.
But sometimes you may find yourself doing useless things related to your business. Online business is always a process, it’s not an event. You do certain things until you succeed. But you need to concentrate on the things that are the most important at your phase of the process.
If you don’t have your own websites your most important task should be to build one. When your websites are brand new you should concentrate on writing content and providing important value for the readers. At this point it would be totally useless to spend hours and hours analyzing your visitors from Google Analytics if you don’t have enough visitors or any content on your website.
At this point your 20% (the most important task) would be developing your websites.
But let’s assume that your website is appealing. You have good theme, good images, good email list, good content and products to sell. Then it would be highly important to get more visitors to your websites. You can make for example social media campaigns. That may be the most important (20%) task at this point of the online business process. (But remember that scrolling Facebook’s or Twitter’s news feed is not social media marketing. It’s only a waste of time!) 😉
Many people are asking, “How much it takes to make some money or a full-time income online?” It depends on two things.
You may invest 100 hours and get the same results when someone has used 200 hours. Be sure that you are the one who is not wasting time on the useless things.
Nothing really happens until you take action. Today I want to challenge you:
1.Take a sheet of paper and a pencil
2.Write down the most important thing in your online business right now
3.Start working until the task is done
4.Repeat
Writing down helps. The thing you have written will sink into your subconscious mind and it will start searching the ways how you can accomplish the task. It also helps you as a reminder if you find yourself scrolling that Facebook news feed or reading useless blog again.
20% of our time accounts for 80% of the work we accomplish.
Concentrate on the most important tasks and you will achieve more results with less time.
What are your most important tasks right now in your online business? Leave a comment below.